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Aluminium phosphide is a highly toxic inorganic compound with the chemical formula AlP used as a wideband gap semiconductor and a fumigant.
AlP is classified as a rodenticide, insecticide, and fumigant for stored cereal grains. It is used to kill small verminous mammals such as moles and rodents. AlP is used as both a fumigant and an oral pesticide. As a rodenticide, aluminium phosphide pellets are provided as a mixture with food for consumption by the rodents.
It is used as a fumigant when other pesticide applications are impractical and when structures and installations are being treated, such as in ships, aircraft, and grain silos. All of these structures can be effectively sealed or enclosed in a gastight membrane, thereby containing and concentrating the phosphine fumes.
Zinc phosphide is an inorganic compound & a dark grey crystalline appearance, it is a combination phosphorus with zinc. Zinc phosphide (Zn3P2) Zinc phosphide also known as trizinc diphosphide, its heavy, finely ground, crystalline gray-black powder that is practically insoluble in water and alcohol.
Zinc phosphide is commercially available as bait pellets, granules, dust, and tracking powder, and it has an odor similar to that of garlic. The odor attracts rodents, when an animal eats the bait, the acid in the animal's stomach turns the zinc phosphide into phosphine.
Zinc phosphide is used for rodent control on crops including grapes, sugarcane, artichoke, sugar beet, alfalfa, barley, berries, oats, sugar maple, wheat, corn, and hay, also used on grasses such as home lawns, rangeland, and golf courses.
Zinc phosphide targets household rodent pests, such as mice and rats, in addition to field rodents including voles, ground squirrels, pocket gophers, prairie dogs, and jack rabbits. It is also uses as a tracking powder for the control of house mice.
It is used on crop areas and on non-crop areas including lawns, golf courses, highway medians, and areas adjacent to wetlands.
Chloropicrin has been used as an insecticide since 1917 and as a soil fumigant since 1920. The primary use today is for pre-plant soil fumigation to control soil borne fungi, diseases and nematodes.
For soil fumigation and wood treatment, Chloropicrin is packaged in DOT 4BW240 steel cylinders and bulk tanks, which may be pressurized. When used as a warning agent for methyl bromide, Chloropicrin is packaged along with the methyl bromide in steel cylinders.
When used as a structural fumigation-warning agent for sulfuric fluoride, Chloropicrin is packaged in small plastic bottles in DOT approved over packs.
Chloropicrin has a moderate vapor pressure (18.3 mmHg at 20 degrees C) and exists as a liquid at room temperature. Chloropicrin/methyl bromide mixtures will volatilize readily upon opening of the cylinder valve.
The main use for phosphorus tribromide is for conversion of primary or secondary alcohols to alkyl bromides, as described above. PBr3 usually gives higher yields than hydrobromic acid, and it avoids problems of carbocation rearrangement- for example even neopentyl bromide can be made from the alcohol in 60% yield.
Another use for PBr3 is as a catalyst for the α-bromination of carboxylic acids. Although acyl bromides are rarely made in comparison with acyl chlorides, they are used as intermediates in Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky halogenation. Initially PBr3 reacts with the carboxylic acid to form the acyl bromide, which is more reactive towards bromination. The overall process can be represented as
On a commercial scale, phosphorus tribromide is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals such as alprazolam, methohexital and fenoprofen. It is also a potent fire suppression agent marketed under the name PhostrEx
1,2-Dibromoethane, also known as ethylene dibromide (EDB), is an organobromine compound with the chemical formula C2H4Br
Although trace amounts occur naturally in the ocean, where it is formed probably by algae and kelp, it is mainly synthetic. It is a dense colorless liquid with a faint sweet odor, detectable at 10 ppm, is a widely used and sometimes-controversial fumigant. The combustion of 1,2-dibromoethane produces hydrogen bromide gas that is significantly corrosive.1,2-Dibromoethane has wider applications in the preparation of other organic compounds including those carrying modified diazocine rings and vinyl bromide that is a precursor to some fire retardants.
In organic synthesis, 1,2-dibromoethane is used as a source of bromine to brominate carbanions and to activate magnesium for certain Grignard reagents. In the latter process, 1,2-dibromoethane reacts with magnesium, producing ethylene and magnesium bromide, and exposes a freshly etched portion of magnesium to the substrate
Diethylphosphite is the organophosphorus compound with the formula (C2H5O)2P(O)H. It is a popular reagent for generating other organophosphorus compounds, exploiting the high reactivity of the P-H bond. Diethylphosphite is a colorless liquid. The molecule is tetrahedral.
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are sometimes referred to as quats. These compounds are among the most commonly used disinfectants in the food industry, and there are numerous commercially available products and formulations. They are cationic surfactants (positively charged surface-active agents) that impact cell walls and membranes after relatively long contact times. Their permanent positive charge makes them bind readily to the negatively charged surface of most microbes. QACs are used at concentrations ranging from 200 to 400 ppm for various food-contact surfaces. QACs are generally very stable, mostly unaffected by pH levels, and remain effective on a food-contact surface for a long time. Their antimicrobial activity is more selective than that of other disinfectants, they are inactivated by organic soil, and they should not be diluted in hard water. QACs are, however, generally very effective against bacterial biofilms. An example of a QAC is benzalkonium chloride, which is often used as a cleaner and sanitizer for various food surfaces, both at home and in industrial applications such as dairy equipment.